Answer: Line chart

Here, there are two quantitative variables (number of points and game number), and one of them involves some element of time (game number). Line charts are appropriate when one quantitative variable is time.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 75%.

Answer:

1. plum.get('Date').str.contains('-06-')

2. get('PTS').sum()

To find the total number of points Kelsey Plum scored in June, one approach is to first create a DataFrame with only the rows for June. During the month of June, the 'Date' values contain '-06-' (since June is the 6th month), so plum.get('Date').str.contains('-06-') is a Series containing True only for the June rows and june_only = plum[plum.get('Date').str.contains('-06-')] is a DataFrame containing only the June rows.

Then, all we need is the sum of the 'PTS' column, which is given by june_only.get('PTS').sum().

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Difficulty: ⭐️

The average score on this problem was 90%.

Answer:

1. 'Opp'

2. sort_values('Won').index[0]

The key insight here is that the values in the 'Won' column are Boolean, and when Boolean values are used in arithmetic they are treated as 1s (True) and 0s (False). The sum of several 'Won' values is the same as the number of wins.

If we group plum by 'Opp' and use .sum(), the resulting 'Won' column contains the number of wins that Plum’s team had against each unique opponent. If we sort this DataFrame by 'Won' in increasing order (which is the default behavior of sort_values), the row at the top will correspond to the 'Opp' that Plum’s team had no wins against. Since we grouped by 'Opp', team names are stored in the index, so .index[0] will give us the name of the desired team.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 67%.

Answer: True

The brackets in df[b] perform a query, or filter, to keep only the rows of df for which b has a True entry. Typically, b will come from some condition, such as the entry in a certain column of df equaling a certain value. Regardless, df[b] contains a subset of the rows of df, and .shape[0] counts the number of rows, so df[b].shape[0] must be less than or equal to df.shape[0].

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 86%.

Answer: No

When we group by 'Author', all books by the same author get aggregated together into a single row. The aggregation function is applied separately to each other column besides the column we’re grouping by. Since we’re grouping by 'Author' here, the 'Author'column never has the max() function applied to it. Instead, each unique value in the 'Author' column becomes a value in the index of the grouped DataFrame. We are told that the Charles Dickens row is just one row of the output, but we don’t know anything about the other rows of the output, or the other authors. We can’t say anything about where Charles Dickens falls when authors are ordered alphabetically (but it’s probably not last!)

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Difficulty: ⭐️

The average score on this problem was 94%.

Answer: Yes

Grouping by 'Author' collapses all books written by the same author into a single row. Since we’re applying the max() function to aggregate these books, we can conclude that Oliver Twist is alphabetically last among all books in the books DataFrame written by Charles Dickens. So Charles Dickens did write Oliver Twist based on this data.

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Difficulty: ⭐️

The average score on this problem was 95%.

Answer: No

The key to this problem is that groupby applies the aggregation function, max() in this case, independently to each column. The output should be interpreted as follows:

• Among all books in books written by Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist is the title that is alphabetically last.
• Among all books in books written by Charles Dickens, 53 is the greatest number of chapters.
• Among all books in books written by Charles Dickens, 1838 is the latest year of publication.

However, the book titled Oliver Twist, the book with 53 chapters, and the book published in 1838 are not necessarily all the same book. We cannot conclude, based on this data, that Oliver Twist has 53 chapters.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 74%.

Answer: No

As explained in the previous question, the max() function is applied separately to each column, so the book written by Charles Dickens with 53 chapters may not be the same book as the book written by Charles Dickens published in 1838.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 73%.

Answer: 4 grocery stores

We are given that the bins start at 0.8 and have a width of 0.1, which means one of the bins has endpoints 1.3 and 1.4. This bin (the tallest bar) includes all grocery stores that sold broccoli for a price greater than or equal to $1.30 per pound, but less than $1.40 per pound.

This bar has a width of 0.1 and we’d estimate the height to be around 2.2, though we can’t say exactly. Multiplying these values, the area of the bar is about 0.22, which means about 22 percent of the grocery stores fall into this bin. There are 18 grocery stores in total, as we are told in the introduction to this question. We can compute using a calculator that 22 percent of 18 is 3.96. Since the actual number of grocery stores this represents must be a whole number, this bin must represent 4 grocery stores.

The reason for the slight discrepancy between 3.96 and 4 is that we used 2.2 for the height of the bar, a number that we determined by eye. We don’t know the exact height of the bar. It is reassuring to do the calculation and get a value that’s very close to an integer, since we know the final answer must be an integer.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 71%.

Answer: 1.25

First, we need to figure out how many grocery stores the bin [\$1.10, \$1.50) contains. We already know from the previous subpart that there are four grocery stores in the bin [\$1.30, \$1.40). We could do similar calculations to find the number of grocery stores in each of these bins:

• [\$1.10, \$1.20)
• [\$1.20, \$1.30)
• [\$1.40, \$1.50)

However, it’s much simpler and faster to use the fact that when the bins are all equally wide, the height of a bar is proportional to the number of data values it contains. So looking at the histogram in the previous subpart, since we know the [\$1.30, \$1.40) bin contains 4 grocery stores, then the [\$1.10, \$1.20) bin must contain 1 grocery store, since it’s only a quarter as tall. Again, we’re taking advantage of the fact that there must be an integer number of grocery stores in each bin when we say it’s 1/4 as tall. Our only options are 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 as tall, and among those choices, it’s clear.

Therefore, by looking at the relative heights of the bars, we can quickly determine the number of grocery stores in each bin:

• [\$1.10, \$1.20): 1 grocery store
• [\$1.20, \$1.30): 3 grocery stores
• [\$1.30, \$1.40): 4 grocery stores
• [\$1.40, \$1.50): 1 grocery store

Adding these numbers together, this means there are 9 grocery stores whose broccoli prices fall in the interval [\$1.10, \$1.50). In the new histogram, these 9 grocery stores will be represented by a bar of width 1.50-1.10 = 0.4. The area of the bar should be \frac{9}{18} = 0.5. Therefore the height must be \frac{0.5}{0.4} = 1.25.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 33%.

Answer: Yes

When we use .plot without specifying a y column, it uses every column in the DataFrame as a y column and creates an overlaid plot. Since we first use get with the list ['broccoli', 'ice_cream'], this keeps the 'broccoli' and 'ice_cream' columns from prices, so our bar chart will overlay broccoli prices with ice cream prices. Notice that this get is unnecessary because prices only has these two columns, so it would have been the same to just use prices directly. The resulting bar chart will look something like this:

Each grocery store has its broccoli price represented by the length of the blue bar and its ice cream price represented by the length of the red bar. We can therefore answer the question by simply counting the number of red bars that are shorter than their corresponding blue bars.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 78%.

Answer: No

This will create an overlaid histogram of broccoli prices and ice cream prices. So we will be able to see the distribution of broccoli prices together with the distribution of ice cream prices, but we won’t be able to pair up particular broccoli prices with ice cream prices at the same store. This means we won’t be able to answer the question. The overlaid histogram would look something like this:

This tells us that broadly, ice cream tends to be more expensive than broccoli, but we can’t say anything about the number of stores where ice cream is cheaper than broccoli.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 81%.

Answer: Yes, and there are 2 such stores.

In this scatterplot, each grocery store is represented as one dot. The x-coordinate of that dot tells the price of broccoli at that store, and the y-coordinate tells the price of ice cream. If a grocery store’s ice cream price is cheaper than its broccoli price, the dot in the scatterplot will have y<x. To identify such dots in the scatterplot, imagine drawing the line y=x. Any dot below this line corresponds to a point with y<x, which is a grocery store where ice cream is cheaper than broccoli. As we can see, there are two such stores.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 78%.

Answer:

To draw the histogram, we first need to bin the data and figure out how many data values fall into each bin. The code includes bins=np.arange(0, 7, 2) which means the bin endpoints are 0, 2, 4, 6. This gives us three bins: [0, 2), [2, 4), and [4, 6]. Remember that all bins, except for the last one, include the left endpoint but not the right. The last bin includes both endpoints.

Now that we know what the bins are, we can count up the number of values in each bin. We need to look at the 'Appearance_Order' column of sungod.take(np.arange(5)), or the first five rows of sungod. The values there are 1, 4, 3, 1, 3. The two 1s fall into the first bin [0, 2). The two 3s fall into the second bin [2, 4), and the one 4 falls into the last bin [4, 6]. This means the proportion of values in each bin are \frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{5}, \frac{1}{5} from left to right.

To figure out the height of each bar in the histogram, we use the fact that the area of a bar in a density histogram should equal the proportion of values in that bin. The area of a rectangle is height times width, so height is area divided by width.

For the bin [0, 2), the area is \frac{2}{5} = 0.4 and the width is 2, so the height is \frac{0.4}{2} = 0.2.

For the bin [2, 4), the area is \frac{2}{5} = 0.4 and the width is 2, so the height is \frac{0.4}{2} = 0.2.

For the bin [4, 6], the area is \frac{1}{5} = 0.2 and the width is 2, so the height is \frac{0.2}{2} = 0.1.

Since the bins are all the same width, the fact that there an equal number of values in the first two bins and half as many in the third bin means the first two bars should be equally tall and the third should be half as tall. We can use this to draw the rest of the histogram quickly once we’ve drawn the first bar.

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Difficulty: ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

The average score on this problem was 45%.